基本句型一: 主+系+表
(1)特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个名词或者形容词,才能表达完整的意思.
(2)系动词分两类：
be, look, keep, seem 等属一类;
get, grow, become, turn 等属另一类,表示变化.
be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用.其它系动词仍保持其部分词义.
例：This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典The dinner smells good. 午餐的味道很好
基本句型二: 主+谓(不及物动词)
特点：即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思.这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词,介词短语,状语从句等。
例：The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利 The sun rises in the east.
基本句型三: 主+谓(及物)+宾
特点:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整.这类动词叫做及物动词.
例：Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案? He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书
基本句型四: 主+谓(及物)+间接宾语+直接宾语
(1)特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思.
(2)常见接双宾语的动词 give, lend, offer, show, tell, buy,
choose, bring, get, leave, make ,
例：He gave me a book 他给了我一本书。
He bought you a dictionary.他给你买了一本字典 .
基本句型五: 主+谓(及物)+复合宾语(宾+宾补)
特点:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
例：They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色 .
定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。
(1)先行词和引导词
被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词;
在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as 关系副词有：when, where, why。
注意：关系副词里面没有 how 如果要修饰方式，用 that 或 in which 引导，或者不用引导词。
(2)who
关系动词 who 在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里 who 还可以作从句中的宾语。
例：He is the man who wants to see you.
He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.
(3)whom 在从句中作宾语
(4)whose(谁的)用来指人或物，(只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换)。
例：Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
(of which the cover/the cover of which)
(5)which(指物)
①当在 which 和 that 面前进行选择的情况下，一般情况下要选 which：
②在非限制性定语从句中通常用 which 作引导词，而不能用 that 做非限制性定语从句的引导词。
例：I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.
③介词 + which
例：They are all questions to which there are no answers.
(6)that 多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人;在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用 that，也可用 which。
在以下的情况中，只能用 that 作引导词，而不能用 which 作引导词。
先行词为 all , everything, anything, nothing, little 等不定代词时。
例：All (that) she lacked was training.
先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
例：This is the best film that I have ever seen.
先行词被序数词和 the last 修饰时
先行词中既有人又有物时
例：They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.
主句是含有 who 或 which 的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时
(1)that 引导宾语从句无意义，不充当句子成分常省略。但下列情况除外:
①介词宾语从句的 that 不能省略。
②and 连接的两个从句，两个从句的 that 不能省略。
He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.
③在动词+it+宾语补足语+that 宾语从句结构中，that 不省略。
(2)Whether,if 引导宾语从句:两词可互换，但是下列情形除外:
①从属连词后紧跟 or not，只能用 whether
②从句做介词宾语，只能用 whether
③少数动词，如:leave,put,discuss,doubt 后的宾语从句常用 whether。
④在不定式前只能用 whether。
⑤一般"no matter"后表示"是否"用 whether 而不用 if。
(3)许多带复合宾语的句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用 it 做形式宾语。
结构是: 主语 + 动词 + it + 形容词/名词等宾语补足语 + 宾语从句
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.
①.宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。
He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
②带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
I don't think he likes the English teacher.
③主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态;
He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
8、表语从句
在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。
例：What the police want to know is when you entered the room
9、同位语从句
一般跟在某些名词如 answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，
idea(主意;观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息 )，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。
引导词：whether、what、how
例：It’s a question how he did it.
10、主语从句
用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。(what、whether、that)主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语。常以 it 作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, , good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain,probable, .)+that 从句。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided)+that 从句
D. It+seems, happen 等不及物动词及短语+that 从句。
E. 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
例：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗
(一)常用交际用语
1、提供(帮助等)和应答
(1)(疑问句)Can I help you?/What can I do for you?(有什么可以帮你的吗?)
(2)Do you want me to...?(你想不想让我帮你)
(3)(陈述句)Let me help...(让我来帮···)
肯定回复：Here， take this/my....
(4)(疑问句)Would you like /Do you want some...?(你想不想····)
肯定回复：Yes，please.(好的谢谢) Thanks.That would be nice/fine. Thank you for your help.
否定回复 ：No，thanks/thankyou. That's very kind of you，but....
2、购物 Shopping
(1)询问
What can I do for you?/May/Can I help you?(有什么可以帮到您的?)
回答：Yes， please./I want/I'd like....
How much is it?(多少钱)
How many/much do you want?(您想要多少?)
What colour/size/kind do you want?(您想要什么颜色/尺码/种类?)
Do you have any other kind/size/colour?(还有其他种类/尺码/颜色推荐吗?)
回答I want/I'd like....(我想要···) I'll take it.(我要了) That's fine. That's too expensive， (询价以后：太贵了)I'm afraid.(我怕·····)
3、请求、允许和应答
(1)请求：May I...?Can/Could I...?
(2)允许：Yes/Sure/Certainly.(可以)Yes，(do) please.(好的，请)Of course(you may) .(当然可以)That's OK/all right.(没问题)Not at all.(别客气)
(3)不允许：I'm sorry you can't，(对不起你不可····) I'm sorry， but...(对不起，但是···)You'd better not.(你最好不要···)